Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

What is ADHD?

ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) is a neurodevelopmental disorder (i.e., reflects differences in the structure and function of brain areas that are present from a young age). It involves symptoms of inattention (e.g., trouble focusing, distractibility, forgetfulness), hyperactivity (e.g., fidgeting, trouble staying seated, talking excessively), and/or impulsivity (e.g., blurting out, interrupting, trouble waiting). These symptoms must be present in at least two settings (e.g., home, school) for at least 6 months, start before age 12, and make everyday tasks harder.

What causes ADHD?

Responsible factors are genetics (as heritable as height) and the environment (e.g., prenatal exposures to substances, pregnancy and birth complications, infections, exposures to toxins). 

How common is it?

ADHD is present in 7-11% of children across social classes, ethnic groups, and countries. It is more common in boys than in girls. 

How is ADHD diagnosed?

Pediatricians, psychiatrists, or psychologists can complete an evaluation that includes, at a minimum, administration of questionnaires to multiple informants (e.g., parents, teachers) to identify clinical levels of symptoms. Additional information about the person’s history, development, and cognitive functioning is often obtained as part of the diagnostic process. ADHD can be diagnosed at any age, but data are more accessible in childhood.

How is ADHD treated?

Evidence-based treatment includes: 

• Behavior management interventions implemented by parents and teachers (children)

• Organization skills training supported by behavior management and parent-teen communication strategies (adolescents)

• Cognitive-behavioral approaches (adults)

• Medication - stimulants and nonstimulants (all ages)

Learn more: 

CHADD: https://chadd.org

Effective Child Therapy: https://effectivechildtherapy.org/therapies/ 

Authors: Jennifer Diaz Navarro & A. Raisa Ray, Ph.D.